ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Transgenerational Trauma of Displacement: Rewriting Diasporic Subjectivities in the Shadow of the Phantom of the (M)otherland
the argument of the present research is based on the premise that assiduous attention to the transgenerational traumatic aspect of diasporic displacements not only gives voice to the often covert narratives of loss and pain encrypted in the diasporic literature, but it also sheds light on the process of the negotiation of subjectivities by both the first and the second-generation diasporic subjects. As a critical inquiry into the literary representations of diasporic subjectivities via a predominantly psychoanalytically-inspired approach, the present analysis of diasporic short fiction thus sits restlessly on the nexus of both diaspora studies and the psychoanalytic studies of trauma. Through a close textual analysis of two samples of short fiction authored by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni and Tania James, the study seeks to present its intergenerational conception of diasporic subjectivities in the light of the theory of transgenerational haunting. It explores the ways in which different generations of diasporic subjects are haunted by the phantom of a (M)otherland whose uncanny shadow is woven into the confounding reality of diasporic life. This phantom constantly exposes the diasporic self to a psychic space of empathy whose emergence is facilitated by the presence of an external other who through cathartic interactions with the diasporic self endows her/him with a fair chance to (re-)negotiate her/his subjectivities. It is also to be placed on the threshold of a belated mourning for a hitherto-repressed oft-internalized sense of otherness, if not an oft-occluded shame of unbelongingness.
https://cls.uok.ac.ir/article_61576_7b36f19f74028c024d907c48b633452b.pdf
2020-09-01
5
25
10.34785/J014.2020.579
Diaspora
Trauma of Displacement
transgenerational trauma
Transgenerational Phantom
Diasporic Subjectivity
Melancholia
Bahareh
Bahmanpour
bahareh.bb82@gmail.com
1
PhD in English Literature, Department of Foreign Languages, North-Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abraham, Nicolas and Maria Torok. The Shell and the Kernel: Renewals of Psychoanalysis. ed. Nicolas T. Rand, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
1
Akhtar, Salman. Immigration and Acculturation: Mourning, Adaptation, and the Next Generation. New York: Jason Aronson, 2011.
2
Bayer, Gerd. “History, Dreams, and Shards: On Starting Over in Jenny Diski’s Then Again.” Trauma in Contemporary Literature: Narrative and Representation. eds. Marita Nadal and Mónica Calvo, New York: Routledge, 2014, pp. 88–99.
3
Bouson, J. Brooks. Embodied Shame: Uncovering Female Shame in Contemporary Women’s Writings. New York: State University of New York Press, 2010.
4
Boutros, Fatim. Facing Diasporic Trauma: Self-Representation in the Writings of John Hearne, Caryl Phillips, and Fred D’Aguiar. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2015.
5
Burrows, Victoria. Whiteness and Trauma: The Mother/Daughter Knot in the Fiction of Jean Rhys, Jamaica Kincaid, and Toni Morrison. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
6
Cheng, Ann Anlin. The Melancholy of Race: Psychoanalysis, Assimilation and Hidden Grief. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
7
Cowart, David. Trailing Clouds: Immigrant Fiction in Contemporary America. London: Cornell University Press, 2006.
8
Davis, Colin. Haunted Subjects: Deconstruction, Psychoanalysis, and the Return of the Dead. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
9
Derrida, Jacque. Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning and the New International. trans. Peggy Kamuf. New York: Routledge, 1994.
10
Divakaruni, Chitra Banerjee. The Unknown Errors of Our Lives. New York: Doubleday, 2001.
11
Freud, Sigmund. On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement, Papers on Metapsychology and Other Works. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. trans. and ed. James Strachey, Vol. 14, London: Hogarth Press, 1957.
12
Gana, Nouri. Signifying Loss: Toward a Poetics of Narrative Mourning. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2011.
13
Ganteau, Jean-Michel and Susana Onega. “Introduction: Performing the Void: Liminality and the Ethics of Form in Contemporary Trauma Narratives.” Contemporary Trauma Narratives: Liminality and the Ethics of Form. ed. Susana Onega and Jean-Michel Ganteau, New York: Routledge, 2014, pp. 16-52
14
Herrero, Dolores. “Plight vs. Right: Trauma and the Process of Recovering and Moving beyond the Past in Zoë Wicomb’s Playing in the Light” (2006). Trauma in Contemporary Literature: Narrative and Representation. eds. Marita Nadal and Mónica Calvo, London and New York: Routledge, 2014, pp. 100-115.
15
Hirsch, Marianne. “Past Lives: Postmemories in Exile.” Poetics Today, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1996, pp. 659-686.
16
Hron, Madelaine. Translating Pain: Immigrant Suffering in Literature and Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2010.
17
James, Tania. Aerogrmmes and Other Stories. New York: Knopf, 2012.
18
Kurtz, J. Roger. ed. Trauma and Literature (Cambridge Critical Concepts). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
19
Laub, Dori, and Daniel Podell. “Art and Trauma.” International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, Vol. 76, No. 5, 1995, pp. 991-1005.
20
Luckhurst, Roger. “Not Now, Not Yet: Polytemporality and Fictions of the Iraq War.” Trauma in Contemporary Literature: Narrative and Representation. eds. Marita Nadal and Mónica Calvo, London and New York: Routledge, 2014, pp. 51-70.
21
---. The Trauma Question. London: Routledge, 2008.
22
Mishra, Vijay. The Literature of the Indian Diaspora: Theorizing the Diasporic Imaginary. New York: Routledge, 2007.
23
Munos, Delphine. After Melancholia: A Reappraisal of Second-Generation Diasporic Subjectivity in the Wok of Jhumpa Lahiri. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2013.
24
Nadal, Marita, and Monica Calvo, eds. Trauma in Contemporary Literature: Narrative and Representation. New York: Routledge, 2014.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Sea Voyages in Medieval Romances: Symbolic Trails through Existential Experiences and Female Suffering on the Water
In a considerable number of medieval narratives we encounter the shared theme of sea voyage, either undertaken for the purpose of marriage, or imposed on the suffering female protagonist who is persecuted by evil-minded people. Considering that most medieval audiences were not that much familiar with travel across big bodies of water, the literary motif emerges as highly significant because the voyage itself, mostly without any crew of sailors, carried out almost automatically, with the protagonist all by her/himself, transforms the traveler and has also a major impact on the countries or people where the ship arrives. The voyage emerges as an enterprise brought upon by God, who helps the individual to survive this most dangerous experience, which then brings about significant change in the people who live in the new country. At the same time, this theme also represents a kind of horizontal catabasis and regularly has a deep transformative impact on everyone involved.
https://cls.uok.ac.ir/article_61567_4692b1a985c618c07f9c1a3fa6f44554.pdf
2020-09-01
27
46
10.34785/J014.2020.367
Apollonius of Tyre
Boccaccio’s Decameron
Chaucer’s “Man of Law’s Tale”
Wilhelm and Jakob Grimm
Mai und Beaflor
sea voyage
Albrecht
Classen
aclassen@arizona.edu
1
Professor of German Studies, Department of German Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
LEAD_AUTHOR
Archibald, Elizabeth. Apollonius of Tyre: Medieval and Renaissance Themes and Variations: Including the text of the Historia Apollonii Regis Tyri with an English translation. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1991.
1
Ayers, Brian. The German Ocean: Medieval Europe Around the North Sea. Studies in the Archaeology of Medieval Europe. Equinox, 2016.
2
Bachmann, Walter. Das unselige Erbe des Christentums: Die Wechselbälge. Zur Geschichte der Heilpädagogik. Gießen: Institut für Heil- und Sonderpädagogik, 1985.
3
Black, Nancy. Medieval Narratives of Accused Queens. Florida: University Press of Florida, 2003.
4
Blume, Doris, Christiana Brennecke, Ursula Breymayer, and Thomas Eisentraut, eds. Europa und das Meer. München: Hirmer, 2018.
5
Boccaccio, Giovanni. The Decameron. (1972). trans., intro., and notes George H. McWilliam. 2nd Ed., New York: Penguin, 1995.
6
Bullón-Fernández, María. Fathers and Daughters in Gower’s Confessio Amantis: Authority, Family, State, and Writing. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2000.
7
Bußmann, Astrid. “Im Bann der Inszenierung – Lachen, Weinen und Schweigen in der verzögerten Anagnorisis von ‘Mai und Beaflor’.“ Lachen und Schweigen: Grenzen und Lizenzen der Kommunikation in der Erzählliteratur des Mittelalters. (Trends in Medieval Philology, 26), eds. Werner Röcke and Hans Rudolf Velten, Walter de Gruyter, 2017, pp. 101-28.
8
Calabrese, Michael. “The Man of Law’s Tale as a Keystone to The Canterbury Tales.” Approaches to Teaching Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, (Frank Approaches to Teaching World Literature: 131), eds. Peter W. Travis and Frank Grady, New York: Modern Language Association, 2014, pp. 84-87.
9
Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. eds. Robert Boenig and Andrew Taylor. 2nd Ed. Broadview Editions, 2012.
10
Classen, Albrecht, ed. Travel, Time, and Space in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Time: Explorations of Worldly Perceptions and Processes of Identity Formation. Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern Culture, 22. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2018a.
11
---. Water in Medieval Literature: An Ecocritical Reading. Ecocritical Theory and Practice. Maryland: Lexington Books, 2018b.
12
---. “Consequences of Bad Weather in Medieval Literature: From Apollonius of Tyre to Marguerite de Navarre’s Heptaméron.” Arcadia, Vol. 45, No. 1, 2010, pp. 3-20
13
---. “The People Rise Up against the Tyrants in the Courtly World: John of Salisbury’s Policraticus, the Fables by Marie de France and the Anonymous Mai und Beaflor.” Neohelicon, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2008, pp. 17-29.
14
---. “Roman Sentimental in the Middle Ages? Mai und Beaflor as a Literary Reflection of the Medieval History of Emotions.” Oxford German Studies Vol. 35, No. 2, 2006, pp. 83-100.
15
Dundes, Alan. Folklore Matters. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989.
16
Eley, Penny, ed. Partonopeus de Blois: Romance in the Making. Cambridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2011.
17
Elvert, Jürgen, Lutz Feldt, Ingo Löppenberg, and Jens Ruppenthal, eds. Das maritime Europa: Werte – Wissen – Wirtschaft. Leipzig: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2018.
18
Giraldez, Arturo. The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.
19
Grennan, Joseph E. “Chaucer’s Man of Law and the Constancy of Justice.” The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, Vol. 4, No 84, 1985, pp. 498–514.
20
Grimm. Kinder- und Hausmärchen gesammelt durch die Brüder Grimm. (1946). Vollständige Ausgabe in einem Band. Zürich: Manesse Verlag, 2002. Grimms Märchen, ed. Günter Jürgensmeier, Sauerländer, 2007 (online at: http://www.gasl.org/refbib/Grimm__Maerchen.pdf).
21
Helduser, Urte. Imaginationen des Monströsen: Wissen, Literatur und Poetik der “Missgeburt” 1600-1835. Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2016.
22
Heng, Geraldine. “Early Globalism and Its Questions, Objectives, and Methods: An Inquiry into the State of Theory and Critique.” Exemplaria, Vol. 26, No. 2-3, 2004, pp. 234-53.
23
Heng, Geraldine and Lynn Ramey. “Early Globalities, Global Literatures: Introducing a Special Issue on the Global Middle Ages.” Literature Compass,Vol. 11, No. 7, 2014, pp. 1–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/lic3.12156
24
Houari, Touati. Islam and Travel in the Middle Ages. (2000). trans. Lydia G. Cochrane, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.
25
Huber-Rebenich, Gerlinde, Christian Rohr, and Michael Stolz, Eds. Wasser in der mittelalterlichen Kultur / Water in Medieval Culture: Gebrauch – Wahrnehmung – Symbolik / Uses, Perceptions, and Symbolism. Das Mittelalter. (Perspektiven mediävistischer Forschung. Beihefte, 4), Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2017.
26
Hubert, Merton Jerome, trans. The Romance of Floire and Blanchefleur: A French Idyllic Poem of the Twelfth Century. (University of North Carolina Studies in the Romance Languages and Literatures, 63), Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1966.
27
Khvalkov, Evgeny. The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region: Evolution and Transformation. London: Routledge, 2018.
28
Kinoshita, Sharon and Jason Jacobs. “Ports of Call: Boccaccio’s Alatiel in the Medieval Mediterranean.” Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2007, pp. 163-95.
29
Köhler-Zülch, Ines. “Mädchen ohne Hände.” Enzyklopädie des Märchens, Vol. 8. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1996, col. 1375–1387.
30
Kolve, V. A. Chaucer and the Image of Narrative: The First Five Canterbury Tales. California: Stanford University Press, 1984.
31
Legassie, Shayne Aaron. The Medieval Invention of Travel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017.
32
Mai und Beaflor, ed., trans., intro., comm. Albrecht Classen. (Beihefte zur Mediaevistik, 6), Pieterlen and Bern: Peter Lang, 2006.
33
Mielzarek, Christoph, and Zschieschang, eds. Usus aquarum: interdisziplinäre Studien zur Nutzung und Bedeutung von Gewässern im Mittelalter. (Forschungen zur Geschichte und Kultur des östlichen Mitteleuropa, 54.), Vienna: Böhlau, 2019.
34
Reichert, Folker. Asien und Europa im Mittelalter: Studien zur Geschichte des Reisens. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014.
35
Reichert, Folker. Erfahrung der Welt: Reisen und Kulturbegegnung im späten Mittelalter. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2001.
36
Rudolf von Ems. An English Translation of Rudolf von Ems’s Der guote Gêrhart. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholar Press, 2016.
37
Ohler, Norbert. The Medieval Traveller, (1986). trans. Caroline Hillier, Woodbridge: Boydell, 1989.
38
Ormrod, William H. “The Use of English: Language, Law, and Political Culture in Fourteenth-Century England.” Speculum, No. 78, 2005, pp. 750-87.
39
Piaschewski, Gisela. Der Wechselbalg:Ein Beitrag zum Aberglauben der nordeuropäischen Völker. Breslau: Maruschke & Behrendt, 1935.
40
Reinhard, J. R. “Setting Adrift in Medieval Law and Literature.” PMLA, Vol. 56, No. 1, 1941, pp. 33-68.
41
Romane des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts, eds. Jan-Dirk Müller. Bibliothek der frühen Neuzeit: Abt. 1, Literatur im Zeitalter des Humanismus und der Reformation, 1. Bibliothek deutscher Klassiker, 54. Frankfurt: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag, 1990.
42
Schlauch, Margaret. Chaucer’s Constance and Accused Queens. New York: Gordian Press, 1969.
43
Smith, James L. Water in Medieval Intellectual Culture: Case Studies from Twelfth-Century Monasticism, (Cursor Mundi, 30). Turnhout: Brepols, 2017.
44
Sobecki, Sebastian I. The Sea and Medieval English Literature. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2008.
45
Squatriti, Paolo. Water and Society in Early Medieval Italy: AD 400-1000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
46
Staley, Lynn. “Fictions of the Island: Girdling the Sea.” Postmedieval, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2016, pp. 539-50.
47
Stavsky, Jonathan. “Translating the Near East in the Man of Law’s Tale and Its Analogues.” Chaucer Review: A Journal of Medieval Studies and Literary Criticism, Vol. 55, No. 1, 2020, pp. 2-54.
48
Taylor, Jamie K. “Toward Premodern Globalism: Oceanic Exemplarity in Chaucer’s Man of Law’s Tale.” PMLA, Vol. 135, No. 2, 2020, pp. 254-271.
49
Taylor, Mark. “The Fortunes of Alatiel: A Reading of Decameron 2,7.” Forum Italicum, Vol. 35, No. 2, 2001, pp. 318-31.
50
Uhlig, Marion. “Quand ‘Postcolonial’ et ‘Global’ riment avec ‘Médiéval’: Sur quelques approches théoriques anglo-saxonnes.” Perspectives Médiévales, Vol. 35, 2014. online at: peme.revues.org/4400.
51
Urban, Misty, Deva F. Kemmis, and Melissa Ridley Elmes, eds. Melusine’s Footprint: Tracing the Legacy of a Medieval Myth. (Explorations in Medieval Culture, 4), Leiden: Brill, 2017.
52
Waters, Claire M., ed. and trans. The Lais of Marie de France: Text and Translation. Peterborough: Broadview Editions, 2018.
53
Woschitz, Karl Matthäus. Fons vitae – Lebensquell: Sinn- und Symbolgeschichte zum Wasser in Antike und Christentum. (Forschungen zur europäischen Geistesgeschichte, 3), Marburg: Herder, 2003.
54
Zeldenrust, Lydia. The Mélusine Romance in Medieval Europe: Translation, Circulation, and Material Contexts. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2020.
55
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The "Excess of Negativity": Death Drive in Suzan-Lori Parks's Father Comes Home from the Wars
The work of Slavoj Žižek includes the highly arguable concepts towards the re-articulation of the Lacanian notion of the death drive.This paper presents an expository trend joining the fragmentary depictions of the death drive inSuzan-Lori Parks's play, Father Comes Home from the Wars. The present analysis begins with tracing the most intuitive aspects of Žižek’s re-articulations of the concept in connection to the Freudian-Lacanian Psychoanalytical concepts of the death drive. Opposing the notions of the death drive as biological instinct, Žižek instead highlights the Lacanian notions of the excess of negativity, "undead" eternal life, and symbolic mortification. In Father Comes Home from the Wars, the death drive stimulates Hero as a social antagonist and allows him to defy his constraints as a slave and develop an entirely different man with a new form of subjectivity. His struggle towards freedom makes him the subject of conflict and disintegration. Hero's attempts are in vain and ineffective as freedom tends to figure forth to the Real and becomes the target of oppression. The paper ends with focusing on how the notion of self-relating negativity consolidates the foregoing Lacanian concepts and how the illusion of freedom opens up the experience of loss or trauma and undermines Hero's desire for emancipation.
https://cls.uok.ac.ir/article_61571_1190e1696d49f991871154880ec47006.pdf
2020-09-01
47
63
10.34785/J014.2020.256
Father Comes Home from the Wars
Suzan-Lori Parks
the death drive
The Lacanian Real
negativity
Žižek
Alieh
Mirzaei Baghabari
moj.mirzaee2020@gmail.com
1
PhD Candidate of English Literature, Department of English Language and Literature, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Hassan
Shahabi
shahabi1964@yahoo.co.uk
2
Assistant Professor of English Literature, Department of English Language and Literature, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Leila
Baradaran Jamili
lbjamili@yahoo.com
3
Assistant Professor of English Literature, Department of English Language and Literature, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran
AUTHOR
Beck, H. Charlotte. Robert Penn Warren, the Critic. Knoxville: The University of Tennesse, 2006.
1
Boothby, Richard. Death and Desire: Psychoanalytic Theory in Lacan's Return to Freud. London:Routledge, 2014.
2
Boucher, Geoff. The Charmed Circle of Ideology: A Critique of Laclau, Moufee, Butler and Žižek. Melbourne: Melbourne Re.press, 2008.
3
Carel, Havi. Life and Death in Freud and Heidegger. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2006.
4
Dufresne, Todd. Tales from the Freudian Crypt: The Death Drive in Text and Context. California: Stanford University Press, 2000.
5
Erdem, Cengiz. The Life Death Drives. Diss. The University of East Angelia, 2009.
6
Fink, Bruce. The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance. Princton:Princeton University Press, 1995.
7
Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. Trans. Joan Rivier, New York: Dover Publications, INC, 1994.
8
Harris, Oliver. Lacan's Return to Antiquity: Between Nature and the Gods. London and New York: Routledge, 2017.
9
Hegel, FriedrichG. W. Phenomenology of Spirit, trans. A. V. Miller with analysis of the text and foreword by J. N. Findlay, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
10
Hosseini, Sajed and Erfan Rajabi. “Subjectivity Construction through Familial Discourse Represented in Film: A Case Study of Alyosha’s Identity in Andrey Zvyagintsev’s Loveless.” Critical Literary Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2019, pp. 73-97.
11
Lacan, Jacques. The Ethics of Psychoanalysis 1656-1960: The Seminar of Jacques Lacan. Trans. Dennis Porter. London and New York: Routledge, 1992.
12
---. “The Seminar. Book III.” The Psychoses, 1955-56. trans. Russell Grigg. London: Routledge, 1993.
13
---. Ecrits: The First Complete Edition in English. Translated by Bruce Fink. New York: W.W. Norton and Co, 2006.
14
Mills, Jon. Rereading Freud: Psychoanalysis through Philosophy. New York: New York University Publication, 2004.
15
Mitchel, Juliet. The Selected Melanie Klein. New York: The Free Press, 1986.
16
Parks, Suzan Lori. Father Comes Home from the Wars. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 2015.
17
Razinsky, Liran. Freud, Psychoanalysis and Death. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
18
Regland, Ellie. The Pleasure of Death from Freud to Lacan. New York and London: Routledge, 1995.
19
Samuels, Robert. Between Philosophy and Psychoanalysis. New York and London: Routledge, 1993.
20
Smith, Robert Rowland. Death-Drive: Freudian Hauntings in Literature and Art. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010.
21
Vincent, Bruno. "Jouissance and Death Drive in Lacan's Teaching." Agora, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2020, pp. 152-168.
22
Weatherill, Rob, ed. The Death Drive: New Life for a Dead Subject? London: Rebus Press, 1999.
23
Žižek, Slavoj. The Sublime Object of Ideology. London: Verso, 1989.
24
---. The Plague of Fantasies. London: Verso, 1997.
25
---.The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology. London: Verso, 1999.
26
---.Did Somebody Say Totalitarianism? Five Essays in the (Mis)Use of a Notion. London: Verso, 2001
27
---. ed. Jacques Lacan: Critical Evaluation in Cultural Theory. New York and London: Routledge,2003.
28
---. The Parallax View. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2006.
29
---. First as Tragedy, Then as Farce. London: Verso, 2009.
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Freedom of Commitment: The Role of the Writer in Sartre’s What is Literature?
The commitment of literature stirred up controversy in the face of European cataclysm of the post-war period. The significance of literature in political spheres fell under suspicion. It came to be looked at as a passive, impractical activity that could not express the horrors of W WII. Jean-Paul Sartre, the leading literary figure of existentialism in France, faced with such criticisms, decided to investigate the role of the writer and the reader, and endeavored to open a gateway for writers to participate in their societies actively. This study is concerned with the first three chapters of the monograph including “What is Writing?,” “Why Does One Write?,” and “For Whom Does One Write?” The present analysis does not address Sartre’s Existential philosophy per se; however, it briefly examines the roots of Sartre’s conception of literature in continental philosophy and the critical responses to his work from the perspectives of Alain Robbe-Grillet and Theodor W. Adorno. This paper endeavors to give a clear insight into Sartre’s idea of commitment and the freedom of the writer, and what he introduced as “human right literature” as an antithesis to both Marxism and Capitalism.
https://cls.uok.ac.ir/article_61575_a840919ad78f3c3b737546278a74d3e2.pdf
2020-09-01
65
77
10.34785/J014.2020.534
Sartre
writer
freedom
historical situation
commitment
Susan
Poursanati
spoursanati@ut.ac.ir
1
Assistant Professor of English Language and Literature, Department of English Language and Literature, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Hassanpour Darbandi
ali.hassanpour.d@ut.ac.ir
2
Graduate Student of English Language and Literature, Department of English Language and Literature, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Adorno, Theodor W. “Commitment.” In Aesthetics and Politics, London: Verso, 1980, pp.177-195.
1
Adorno, Theodor W. Prisms; Cultural Criticism and Society. Trans. Samuel and Shierry Weber, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1997.
2
Barthes, Roland. “The Death of the Author.” Critical Essays, Trans. Richard Howard, Illinois: Northwestern UP, 1967.
3
Blake, William. The Selected Poems: Songs of Experience. London: Wordsworth Editions, 1994.
4
Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2008.
5
Fukuyama, Francis. The End of History and the Last Man. N.Y: The Free Press, a Division of Macmillan, Inc., 1992.
6
Hegel, G.W.F. The Philosophy of Right. Trans. S.W Dyde, N.Y.: Dover Publication, 2005.
7
Heidegger, Martin. Being and Time. Trans. John Macquarrie & Edward Robinson, Oxford: Blackwell Publication, 1962.
8
Krystal, Arthur. Agitations: Essays on Life & Literature. New Haven & London: Yale UP, 2002.
9
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. Phenomenology of Perception. Trans. Colin Smith, London and N.Y.: Routledge publication, 2005.
10
Robbe-Grillet, Alain. “La littérature poursuivie par la politique.” L’Express, 19 September 1963, pp.32-38.
11
Sartre, Jean-Paul. Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology. Trans. Hazel E. Barnes, N.Y.: Washington Square Press, 1956.
12
Sartre, Jean-Paul. What is Literature? and Other Essays. Trans. Bernard Frechtman, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1988.
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Unrelinquished Metaphysical Desire in Pinter’s The Lover and Stoppard’s The Real Thing
The purpose of the present study is to employ René Girard’s concept of “metaphysical desire” in a comparative study of Pinter’s The Lover and Stoppard’s The Real Thing. René Girard has investigated the idea of imitative desire in a rather distinguished way. He contends that the nature of desires is neither innate nor autonomous, but rather we borrow them from the others. He argues for the idea that human beings are always looking for stronger mediators to gratify their desires. The imitative desire itself, once satisfied, is not gratified and the search for stronger impulses or mediators always continues in a never-ending process that Gerard refers to as “metaphysical desire”. The present research intends to look for metaphysical desire in the lives of the characters, wherewith they can examine the role of the mediator in the characters’ lives as well. Since metaphysical desire, as Gerard argues, leads individuals either to perfection or destruction and alienation, the characters are shown to imitate their metaphysical desire leading them to experience destructive consequences and family corruption. Consequently, the characters who have pursued their metaphysical desire on the verge of a negative sideline all fail to enjoy a life they long for, and are subject to alienation and misfortunes within which they constantly experience great pains. The characters also turn into obstacle-addicts who, metamorphosed into masochists and losing their lives for good, find no chances to change life as they long for.
https://cls.uok.ac.ir/article_61577_e712fc6e0f2111c2e84e60ecdb7f154c.pdf
2020-09-01
79
97
10.34785/J014.2020.779
imitative desire
The Lover
The Real Thing
mediator
metaphysical desire
Hussein
Pourshahabadi
alikhanhossein@gmail.com
1
PhD Candidate of English Language and Literature, Department of Literature and Foreign Languages, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Javad
Yaghoobi
yaghoobi.kiau@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor of English Language and Literature, Department of Literature and Foreign Languages, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Alabdullah, Abdulaziz H. “Home as a Battlefield: Power and Gender in Harold Pinter’s The Collection, The Lover and Old Times.” Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol. 4, No. 3, 2016, pp. 29-38.
1
Baker, William, and Amanda Smothers. The Real Thing: Essays on Tom Stoppard in Celebration of his 75th Birthday. New Castle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013.
2
Bora, Rashmi. “Reading Harold Pinter’s “The Lover” as a Schizophrenia play” International Journal of Science, Engineering and Management. Vol. 3, No. 5, 2018, pp. 66-67.
3
Burkman, Katherine H. The Dramatic World of Harold Pinter. Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 2005.
4
Cowdell, Scott. Rene Girard and Secular Modernity, Christ, Culture and Crisis. Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2013.
5
Fleming, Chris. Rene Girard, Violence and Mimesis. Malden: Polity Press Ltd, 2004.
6
Girard, Rene. Evolution and Conversion. New York: Continuum International Publishing, 2008.
7
---. Resurrection from the Underground Feodor Dostoevsky. ed. James G. Williams. Michigan: Michigan State University Press, 2012.
8
---. Violence and the Sacred. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972.
9
Grande, Per Bjornar. “The Mimetic Nature of Desire.” LAP. Lambert Academic
10
Publishing, 2009.
11
Jacobus, Lee. A. The Bedford Introduction to Drama. 5th Ed. Vol. 2. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005.
12
Jenkins, Anthony. The Theatre of Tom Stoppard. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
13
Krüger, Johanna Alida. The Actual versus the Fictional in Betrayal, The Real Thing and Closer. Diss. The Unisa Institutional Repository, 2018.
14
Milne, Drew. “Pinter’s Sexual politics.” The Cambridge Companion to Harold Pinter. Ed. Peter Raby. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 233-249.
15
Nanda, Leena. An Analysis of the Unsatisfactory Male-Female Relationship in the Plays of Harold Pinter. Diss. Iowa State University Capstones, 2018.
16
Palaver, Wolfgang. Rene Girard’s Mimetic Theory. trans. Gabriel Borrud. Michigan: Michigan UP, 2013.
17
Pinter, Harold. The Lover, Tea Party, the Basement: Two Plays and a Film Script. New York: Grove Press Inc., 1963.
18
Pisk, Jernej. “Mimetic Desire and Scapegoat Mechanism in Sport.” Acta University Palacki Olomuc Gym Journal. Vol. 42, No. 4, 2011, pp. 9-17.
19
Saevarsdottir, Guorun Baldvina. “The Portrayal of Women in Harold Pinter’s Plays Night School, The Lover and Homecoming.” Islandiae Sigillum Universitatis. Vol. 1, No. 1, 2011, pp. 1. 1-38.
20
Stokes, John. “Pinter and the 1950s.” The Cambridge Companion to Harold Pinter. ed. Peter Raby. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 27-43.
21
Stoppard, Tom. The Real Thing. London: Faber and Faber, 1982.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Study of Different Aspects of Hutcheonian Parody in Peter Carey’s Jack Maggs
The purpose of the present article is to investigate Peter Carey’s Jack Maggs (1997) within a theoretical context set by Linda Hutcheon’s definition of parody. In Hutcheon’s view, parody is a repetition with critical distance. Hucheonian parody allows the adapted work to challenge and ironically transform the form and the content of the hypotext in order not to ridicule but to create. The central questions of this research are: How does Jack Maggs employ Hutcheonian parody within the broader postmodern narrative discourse to view its source text with a critical distance? And, how does Hutcheonian parody engage Jack Maggs in contemporary social debates? In order to answer these questions, the research applies various aspects of Hutcheonian parody to Carey’s novel. The present paper demonstrates that Carey’s Jack Maggs recontextualizes Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations (1860) in a new Australian setting. It also argues that the novel, which has mostly received positive responses and reactions from both literary critics and general readers, illustrates Carey’s parodic attempt to revisit one of the most renowned novels of the Victorian era. The present research contends that Jack Maggs is a critique of nineteenth-century realism and, more broadly speaking, of master narratives.
https://cls.uok.ac.ir/article_61570_1214ab4f1775b561124a35fe0e073f15.pdf
2020-09-01
99
115
10.34785/J014.2020.315
Hypotext
Hypertext
Intertextuality
Parody
Adaptation
Recontextualization
Farhad
Najafi
farhad.najafi74@gmail.com
1
Graduate Student of English Language and Literature, Department of English Language and Literature, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Farahbakhsh
farahbakhsh2000@yahoo.com
2
Associate Professor of English Language and Literature, Department of English Language and Literature, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Alarcos, M. Pilar Baines. “Motherhood and Abjection in Peter Carey’s Jack Maggs.” English Studies, vol. 31, 2010, pp. 29-43.
1
Allahyari, Keyvan. “Jack Maggs and Peter Carey's Fiction as a World.” Antipodes, vol. 31, no. 2, 2017, pp. 326–341.
2
Brügger, Niels. “What about the Postmodern? The Concept of the Postmodern in the Work of Lyotard.” Yale French Studies, no. 99, 2001, pp. 77–92.
3
Carey, Peter. Jack Maggs. New York: Vintage, 1999.
4
D’Angelo, Frank J. “The Rhetoric of Intertextuality.” Rhetoric Review, vol. 29, no. 1, 2010, pp. 31–47.
5
Dickens, Charles. Great Expectations. London: Penguin Books, 2002.
6
Dubey, Madhu. “Contemporary African American Fiction and the Politics of Postmodernism.” NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction, vol. 35, no. 2/3, 2002, pp. 151–168.
7
Duvall, John N. “Troping History: Modernist Residue in Fredric Jameson's Pastiche and Linda Hutcheon's Parody.” Style, vol. 33, no. 3, 1999, pp. 372–390.
8
Hassal, Anthony J. “A Tale of Two Countries: ‘Jack Maggs’ and Peter Carey’s Fiction.” Australian Literary Studies, vol. 18, no. 2, 1997, pp. 158-135.
9
Hutcheon, Linda. Politics of Postmodernism. London: Routledge, 2003.
10
---. A Poetics of Postmodernism. London: Routledge, 1988.
11
---. A Theory of Parody: The Teachings of Twentieth-Century Art Forms. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1985.
12
Jameson, Fredric. “The Politics of Theory: Ideological Positions in the Postmodernism Debate.” New German Critique, no. 33, 1984, pp. 53–65.
13
Kiremidjian, G. D. “The Aesthetics of Parody.” The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, vol. 28, no. 2, 1969, pp. 231–242.
14
Laroque, François. “Shakespeare’s ‘Battle of Carnival and Lent’. The Falstaff Scenes Reconsidered (1 & 2 Henry IV).” Shakespeare and Carnival: After Bakhtin. Ed. Ronald Knowles. London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1998. 83-97.
15
Lindsay, Cecile. “Lyotard and the Postmodern Body.” L'Esprit Créateur, vol. 31, no. 1, 1991, pp. 33–47.
16
Lyotard, Jean-François. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Minneapolis: University Of Minnesota Press, 1979.
17
Nicholson, Linda. “Feminism and the Politics of Postmodernism.” Boundary 2, vol. 19, no. 2, 1992, pp. 53–69.
18
Nünning, Ansgar. “Where Historiographic Metafiction and Narratology Meet: Towards an Applied Cultural Narratology.” Style, vol. 38, no. 3, 2004, pp. 352–374.
19
Reeve, Victoria. “Emotion and Narratives of Heartland: Kim Scott’s Benang and Peter Carey’s Jack Maggs.” Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature, vol. 12, no. 3, 2013, pp. 1-11.
20
Rose, Margaret. Parody: Ancient, Modern and Post-Modern. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
21
Savu, Laura E. “The “Crooked Business” of Storytelling: Authorship and Cultural Revisionism in Peter Carey’s Jack Maggs.” Ariel, vol. 36, no. 3-4, 2005, pp. 127-163.
22
Snodgrass, Ellen. Peter Carey: A Literary Companion. McFarland, 2010.
23
Taylor, Beverly. “Discovering New Pasts: Victorian Legacies in the Postcolonial Worlds of Jack Maggs and Mister Pip.” Victorian Studies Annual, vol. 52, no. 1, 2009, pp. 95-105.
24
Teske, Joanna Klara. “Moral Commitment of the Realistic, Modernist and Postmodern Novel.” Roczniki Filozoficzne / Annales De Philosophie / Annals of Philosophy, vol. 61, no. 1, 2013, pp. 93–108.
25
Timko, Michael. “The Victorianism of Victorian Literature.” New Literary History, vol. 6, no. 3, 1975, pp. 607–627.
26
Thaden, Barbara Z. “Charles Johnson's Middle Passage as Historiographic Metafiction.” College English, vol. 59, no. 7, 1997, pp. 753–766.
27
Woodcock, Bruce. Peter Carey. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003.
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
An Investigation of Interpersonal Metadiscourse Markers as Persuasive Strategies in Donald Trump’s 2016 Campaign Speeches
Interpersonal metadiscourse is considered as a significant mean of smoothing communication between the speaker/writer and listener/reader. The present study intends to explore the concept and type of interpersonal metadiscourse markers employed by Donald Trump’s campaign speeches as a persuasive strategy. Descriptive qualitative research design is used in the present study. Dafouz’s (2008) classification of interpersonal metadiscourse markers was employed to analyze the gathered data. The results revealed that Trump made use of all categories of interpersonal metadiscourse markers namely hedges, certainty markers, attributors, attitude markers, and commentaries, in his campaign speeches. The frequency of attitude markers and commentaries was more than other types of metadiscourse markers in Trump’s campaign speech, which demonstrates that he attempted to persuade the public to vote for him through making an emotional link.
https://cls.uok.ac.ir/article_61573_6294a318ce4a55fc86443cf1d56f3ede.pdf
2020-09-01
117
130
10.34785/J014.2020.749
Interpersonal metadiscourse markers
Donald Trump
Political speech
Campaign speeches
Persuasive strategy
Parisa
Etemadfar
parisaetamadfar@gmail.com
1
PhD Candidate of TEFL, Department of English, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
AUTHOR
Ehsan
Namaziandost
e.namazi75@yahoo.com
2
PhD in TEFL, Department of English, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abdollahzadeh, Esmaeel. “Poring Over the Findings: Interpersonal Authorial Engagement in Applied Linguistics Papers.” Journal of Pragmatics, No. 43, 2011, pp. 288-297.
1
Amiryousefi, Mohammad and Rasekh Eslami. “Metadiscourse: Definitions, Issues, and Its Implications for English Teachers.” English Language Teaching, No. 3, 2010, pp. 159-167.
2
Blagojevic, Savka. “Metadiscourse in Academic Prose: A Contrastive Study of Academic Articles Written in English by English and Norwegian Native Speakers.” Studies about languages, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2004, pp. 60-67.
3
Cap, Piotr. “Towards the Proximization Model of the Analysis of Legitimization in Political Discourse.” Journal of Pragmatics, Vol. 40, 2008, pp. 17-41.
4
Dafouz, Emma. “Metadiscourse Revisited: A Contrastive Study of Persuasive Writing in Professional Discourse.” Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense, No. 11, 2003, pp. 29-52.
5
---. “The Pragmatic Role of Textual and Interpersonal Metadiscourse Markers in the Construction and Attainment of Persuasion: A Cross-Linguistic Study of Newspaper Discourse.” Journal of Pragmatics, Vol. 40, 2008, pp. 95-113.
6
Dahl, Trine. “Textual Metadiscourse in Research Articles: A Marker of National Culture or of Academic Discipline?” Journal of Pragmatics, Vol. 36, No. 10, 2004, pp. 1807-1825.
7
Dehkordi, Mojdeh Ebrahimi and Hamid Allami. “Evidentiality in Academic Writing.” Theory and Practice in Language Studies, No. 2, 2012, pp. 1895-1904.
8
Esmer, Elçin. “Interpersonal Metadiscourse Markers in Turkish Election Rally Speeches Delivered by Pro-Turkish and Pro-Kurdish Leaders.” Athens Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2015, pp. 367-384.
9
Estaji, Masoomeh, and Roya Vafaeimehr. “A Comparative Analysis of Interactional Metadiscourse Markers in the Introduction and Conclusion Sections of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Research Papers.” Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 37-56.
10
Holtgraves, Thomas M., and Benjamin Lasky. “Linguistic Power and Persuasion.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology, No. 18, 1999, pp. 196-205.
11
Hu, Guangwei, and Cao, Feng. “Hedging and boosting in abstracts of applied linguistics articles: A comparative study of English and Chinese-medium journals.” Journal of pragmatics, Vol. 43, No. 11, 2011, pp. 2795-2809.
12
Hyland, Ken. Metadiscourse: Exploring Interaction in Writing. London and New York: Continuum, 2005a.
13
---. “Stance and Engagement: A Model of Interaction in Academic Discourse.” Discourse Studies, Vol. 7, 2005b, pp. 173-192.
14
---. “Persuasion, Interaction, and the Construction of Knowledge: Representing Self and Others in Research Writing.” IJES, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2008b, pp. 1-23.
15
McGrath, Lisa, and Maria Kuteeva. “Stance and Engagement in Pure Mathematics Research Articles: Linking discourse features to disciplinary practices.” English for Specific Purposes, Vol. 31, 2012, pp. 161-173.
16
Namaziandost Ehsan, and Sajad Shafiee. “Gender Differences in the Use of Lexical Hedges in Academic Spoken Language among Iranian EFL Learners: A Comparative Study.” International Journal of Research in English Education, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2018, pp. 64-80.
17
---. Gender differences in the use of lexical hedges in academic spoken language among Iranian EFL learners: a comparative study. International Journal of Research in English Education, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2018, pp. 64-80.
18
Noorian, Mina, and Reza Biria. “Interpersonal Metadiscourse in Persuasive Journalism: A Study of Texts by American and Iranian EFL Columnists.” Journal of Modern Languages, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 64-79.
19
Reyes, Antonio. “Strategies of Legitimization in Political Discourse: From Words to Actions.” Discourse and Society, Vol. 22, No. 6, 2011, pp. 781-807.
20
Rojo, Martin L., and T. A. van Dijk. “There Was a Problem, and It Was Solved! Legitimating the Expulsion of Illegal Immigrants in Spanish Parliamentary Discourse.” Discourse and Society, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1997, pp. 523-567.
21
Sari, Aryati Meiga. Interpersonal Metadiscourse Markers Used in Michelle Obama’s Speech. Diss. Dian Nuswantoro University, 2014.
22
Sepehri, Mehrdad, Mehrnnoosh Hajijalili, and Ehsan Namaziandost. “Hedges and Boosters in Medical and Engineering Research Articles: A Comparative Corpus-Based Study.” Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching. Vol. 9, No. 4, 2019, pp. 215-225.
23
Shea, Daniel, and Michael Burton. Campaign Craft, the Strategies, Tactics, and Art of Political Campaign Management. Westport: Praeger, 2006.
24
Sugiyono. Memahami Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Alfabeta, 2010.
25
Sukma, P. B. “Interpersonal Metadiscourse Markers as Persuasive Strategies in Barack Obama’s 2012 Campaign Speeches.” Aksara, Vol. 29, No. 2, 2017, pp. 283-293.
26
Takimoto, Masahiro. “A Corpus-Based Analysis of Hedges and Boosters in English Academic Articles.” Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2015, pp. 95-105.
27
Tse, Polly, and Ken Hyland. “So What Is The Problem This Book Addresses? Interactions in Academic Book Reviews.” Text and Talk, Vol. 26, No. 6, 2006, pp. 767-790.
28
van Dijk, T. A. “Critical Discourse Analysis.” eds. Deborah Tannen, Deborah Schiffrin and Heidi Hamilton, Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001, pp. 352-371.
29
Yang, Yingli. “Exploring Linguistic and Cultural Variations in the Use of Hedges in English and Chinese Scientific Discourse.” Journal of Pragmatics, No. 50, 2013, pp. 23-36.
30
Yipei, Nun, and Liu Lingling. “Investigating the Interpersonal and Textual Meaning of Stevejobs’ Stanford Speech in Terms of Hyland’s Metadiscourse Theory.” International Journal of Language and Linguistics, Vol. 1, No. 4, 2013, pp. 90-96.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Representation of Trauma in Post-9/11 Fiction: Revisiting Reminiscences in Mohsen Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist
The current paper aims at presenting a close reading of the protagonist’s reminiscences in Mohsen Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist in terms of an eclectic approach toward representation of trauma. Freud and Breuer’s theory of psychological trauma, Judith Herman’s concept of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Jeffery Alexander’s notion of cultural trauma are employed as the conceptual framework of this analysis. Psychological trauma refers to the unbearable, untreatable, and unspeakable psychological wounds remaining on the subject’s unconsciousness. PTSD concentrates on troublesomeness in regular physical activities including rapid distraction, insomnia, and shifting in and out through past memories, triggered by trauma. Cultural trauma traces the changes at the level of collective identity of a group due to a formerly experienced horrendous event. The Adventures of Changez, the novel’s narrator, dating back to around the 9/11 attack are represented in The Reluctant Fundamentalist. The paper conducted a survey through theories of trauma depicting memory as a venue where the subject’s psychical status could be fully scrutinized. The results of the study demonstrated that a traumatic event such as that of the 9/11 has a long-term devastating impact on Changez’s subjectivity as well as a collective negative consequence for Pakistan’s new generation of intellectual immigrants.
https://cls.uok.ac.ir/article_61574_7bec153a8a9bbd7394ad34cedfc081a1.pdf
2020-09-01
131
153
10.34785/J014.2020.812
Trauma
PTSD
Cultural Trauma
identity
Post-9/11 Fiction
Sajed
Hosseini
sajed.hosseiny@gmail.com
1
MA in English Language and Literature, Department of English Language and Literature and Linguistics, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ehsan
Baghaei
ehsanbaghaei@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, Department of English Language and Literature, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Alexander, Jeffrey C. “Beyond the Epistemological Dilemma: General Theory in a Post-positivist Mode.” Sociological Forum, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1990, pp. 531-545.
1
---. “Robust Utopias and Civil Repairs.” International sociology, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2001, pp. 579-592.
2
---. The meanings of social life: a cultural sociology, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
3
---. “Toward a Theory of Cultural Trauma” (2004), Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity, edited by Jeffrey C. Alexander et al., Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008, pp. 1-30. DOI: 10.1525/California/9780520235946.003.0001
4
Alexander, Jeffery C. and Philip Smith. “The discourse of American civil society: A new proposal for cultural studies.” Theory and Society, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1993, pp. 151-208.
5
Alexander, Jeffrey C. and Steven Sherwood. “‘Mythic Gestures’: Robert N. Bellah and Cultural Sociology.” Meaning and Modernity: Religion, Polity, and Self, edited by Richard Madsen et al., Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002, pp. 1–14.
6
Assmann, Jan. Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UniversityPress, 1997.
7
Barthes, Roland. “An Introduction to the Structural Analysis of Narrative.” New Literary History, Trans. Lionel Duisit, Vol. 6, No. 2, 1975, pp. 237-272.
8
Elliott, Anthony. Contemporary Social Theory, Massachusetts: Blackwell publishers, 1999.
9
Freud, Sigmund. Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses. New York: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Company, 2012.
10
---. Beyond the Pleasure Principle and Other Writings. Trans. Reddick, J. London: Penguin, 1920.
11
---. The Interpretation of Dream. 3rd ed., Trans. A. A. Brill. New York: TheMacmillan Company, 1913.
12
Freud, Sigmund, and Josef Breuer. 1893/95. Studies on Hysteria. Standard Edition, Vol. II, London: Hogarth Press, 1955.
13
Goldman, Lucien. The Hidden God: Study of Tragic Vision in the Pensées of Pascal and the Tragedies of Racine. Trans. PhilipThody. Prefaced by Michael Lowey London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, and New York:Routledge, 1964.
14
Haider, Nishat. “Globalization, US Imperialism and Fundamentalism: A Study of Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist.” South Asian Review, Vol. 33, No. 2, 2012, pp. 203-238. DOI: 10.1080/02759527.2012.11932885
15
Halbwachs, Maurice. On Collective Memory. Trans. and Ed. by Lewis A. Coser. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
16
Hamid, Mohsen. 2007. The Reluctant Fundamentalist. London, New York, NY: Penguin Books.
17
---. 2009. “Slaying Dragons: Mohsin Hamid Discusses The Reluctant Fundamentalist.” Psychoanalysis and History, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 225-237.
18
Herman, Judith L. Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence - From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror, ed. Judith Lewis Herman, New York: BasicBooks, 2015.
19
---. “The Mental Health of Crime Victims: Impact of Legal Intervention.” Journal of Traumatic Stress. Vol. 16, No. 2, (2003), pp. 159–166. DOI: 10.1023/A:1022847223135
20
---. “Recovery from Psychological Trauma.” (1998), Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, Vol. 52, No. S1, 2002, S98-S103. DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1819.1998.0520s5S145.x
21
Hosseini, Sajed. “A Treat towards an Artist‘s Psyche: A Psychoanalytical Reading of Red by John Logan.” International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies, Vol. 7, No. 4,2019, pp. 34-40.
22
Kennedy, Valerie. “Changez/Cengiz’s Changing Beliefs in The Reluctant Fundamentalist.” CLCWeb: Comparative Literature andCulture, Vol. 20, No. 6, 2018. DOI: 10.7771/1481-4374.3321
23
Khan, Sobia. “Alienated Muslim Identity in the Post-9/11 America: A Transnational Study of The Reluctant Fundamentalist.” South Asian Review, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2015, pp. 141-160. DOI: 10.1080/02759527.2015.11933039
24
Liao, Pei-chen. Post’-9/11 South Asian Diasporic Fiction:Uncanny Terror. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
25
Marzillier, John. To Hell and Back, London: Little, Brown Book Group,2012.
26
Mousavi, Seyyed Mehdi, Farideh Pourgiv and Bahee Hadaegh. “Cultural Memory Studies and the Idea of Literature: A Cosmopolitan Critique.” Theory, History and Literary Criticism, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2018, pp. 61-71.
27
Olick, Jeffrey K. and Joyce Robbins. “Social Memory Studies: From Collective Memory to the Historical Sociology of Mnemonic Practices.” Annual Review of Sociology, Vol.24, 1998, pp. 105–140.
28
Ritzer, George, ed. The Blackwell encyclopedia of sociology. Vol. 1479. New York, NY, USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
29
Sadjadi, Bakhtiar and Nishtman Bahrami. “Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five.” International Journal of English Language & Translation Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1,2018, pp. 81-92.
30
Sadjadi, Bakhtiar and Farnaz Esmkhani. “Investigating Trauma in Narrating World War I: A Psychoanalytic Reading of Pat Barker’s Regeneration.” Advances in Language and Literary Studies, Vol. 7, No. 6, 2016, pp. 189-196. Doi:10.7575/aiac.alls.v.7n.6p.189
31
---. “Trauma and Narrating World War I: A Psychoanalytical Reading of Pat Barker’s Another World.” Critical Literary Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2020, pp. 157-174.
32
Shihada, Isam M. “The Backlash of 9/11 on Muslims in Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist.” International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, Vo. 2, No. 2, 2015, pp. 451-466.
33
Sletvold, Jon. “Freud’s Three Theories of Neurosis: Towards a Contemporary Theory of Trauma and Defense.” Psychoanalytic Dialogues, Vol. 26, No. 4, 2016, pp. 460-475. DOI:10.1080/10481885.2016.1190611
34
Wallace, Ruth A. “A Review of Neo-functionalism and After.” Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 28, No. 1, 1999, pp. 115-116. DOI: 10.2307/2653918
35
Winter, Jay. Remembering War: The Great War between Memory and History in the Twentieth Century. New Haven,CT: Yale University Press, 2006.
36
Woltmann, Suzy. “‘She Did Not Notice Me’: Gender, Anxiety, and Desire in The Reluctant Fundamentalist.” Humanities, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2018, p. 104.
37
Zaleski, Kristen L. et al. “Grounding Judith Herman’s Trauma Theory within Interpersonal Neuroscience and Evidence-Based Practice Modalities for Trauma Treatment.” Smith College Studies in Social Work, Vol. 86, No. 4, 2016, pp. 377-393, DOI: 10.1080/00377317.2016.1222110
38
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Study of Comparative Effects of Humorous versus Non-Humorous Text Types on Vocabulary Learning of Iranian EFL Learners at Two Proficiency Levels
The purpose of this study is to explore the effectiveness of utilizing humorous versus non-humorous texts on receptive and productive vocabulary learning. This research is also conducted to seek whether language proficiency of the participants would be a factor influencing the effectiveness of two types of treatments used in the study. The materials employed in the present study include 17 humorous and 17 non-humorous texts which contain the target words. 87 students at two proficiency levels participated in the study and almost half of them were exposed to the target words through humorous texts and the second half learned the words through non-humorous texts. The target words with their English definitions were presented to the participants. Each text was accompanied by some comprehension questions, either in the multiple choice format, fill in the blanks or open ended questions. Following the treatment, an unannounced immediate post-test was administered to measure the effectiveness of two text types on vocabulary learning. After a three-week interval, an unannounced delayed post-test was administered to check the efficacy of text types on long-term vocabulary learning. The findings suggest significantly better vocabulary learning both in immediate and delayed post-tests for the less proficient participants learning target words through humorous texts. However, in the case of the more proficient learners, it turns out that humor is considerable in long-term learning of the target words. Based on the results, it is recommended that teachers and materials developers include more elements of humor in the language classes and course books.
https://cls.uok.ac.ir/article_61569_2d34f5d876a00abb06c746c2a3e803bf.pdf
2020-09-01
155
177
10.34785/J014.2020.439
humor
vocabulary
Reading Comprehension
proficiency
Sasan
Baleghizadeh
s_baleghizadeh@sbu.ac.ir
1
Associate Professor, Department of English Language and Literature, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Tahere
Karamzade
t.karamzade@gmail.com
2
MA in TEFL, Department of English Language and Literature, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Aboudan, Rima. “Laugh and Learn: Humor and Learning A Second Language.” International Journal of Arts and Science, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2009, pp. 90-99.
1
Aitchison, Jean. Words in the mind: An Introduction to the Mental Lexicon. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
2
Askildson, Lance. “Effect of Humor in the Language Classroom: Humor as a Pedagogical Tool in Theory and Practice.” Arizona Working Papers in Second Language Acquisition and Teaching, Vol. 12 , No. 1, 2005, pp. 45-61.
3
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65
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Performative Diasporic Subjectivity in Randa Abdel-Fattah's Ten Things I Hate about Me
The present paper is an attempt to study Randa Abdel-Fattah’s novel, Ten Things I Hate about Me (2006) from Judith Butler's performative perspective. The main question of the research is whether the diasporic subjectivity of the Muslim protagonist of the novel is innate, static, and finalized or rather performatively constructed. It is argued that Jamilah, as a diasporic Muslim woman, is not a being with an essentialized identity; rather she is a becoming whose identity is constructed in diaspora. It is contended that Jamilah is a discursive subject, hailed by the dominant Lebanese, Australian, and Islamic discourses. Butler's attestation of the infelicity of some performances leaves space for the resignification and reappropriation of the discourses, which attempt to interpellate the subject. The study seeks to demonstrate that Jamilah as the diasporic doer, who is constituted as a result of the performative linguistic, corporal, culinary, and artistic deeds, is not determined by any of the discourses she is immersed in, and thus becomes a hybridized liminal subject who negotiates the discourses of home and host cultures through evading the dualistic logic.
https://cls.uok.ac.ir/article_61578_81b138377e2a667e43e16ccacabe0351.pdf
2020-09-01
179
195
10.34785/J014.2020.966
Randa Abdel-Fattah
Diaspora
Performativity
Costume
Being/Becoming
Ensiyeh
Darzinejad
edarzinejad@gmail.com
1
PhD in English Literature, Department of English Language and Literature, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abdel-Fattah, Randa. Ten Things I Hate About Me. New York: Orchard Books, 2006.
1
Abde-Fattah, Randa and Sara Saleh. Arab, Australian, Other: Stories on Race and Identity. Sydney: Picador, 2019
2
Ameri, Firouzeh. Veiled Experiences: Re-writing Women’s Identities and Experiences in Contemporary Muslim Fiction in English. Diss. Murdoch University. 2012.
3
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4
Barthes, Roland. “Toward a Psychosociology of Contemporary Food Consumption.” Food and Culture: A Reader. 3rd Ed. eds. Carole Counihan and Penny Van Esterik. New York and London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis, 2013: 23-30.
5
Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994.
6
Butler, Judith, Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of “Sex”. London and New York: Routledge, 1993.
7
---. Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative. New York and London: Routledge, 1997.
8
---. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York and London: Routledge, 1999.
9
Clifford, James. Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
10
Cook, Nicholas. “Music as Performance.” The Cultural Study of Music: A Critical Introduction. 2nd ed. Eds. Martin Clayton et al. New York and London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis, 2012.
11
Cooks, Leda. “You are What You (Don’t) Eat? Food, Identity, and Resistance.” Text and Performance Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2009, pp. 94-110. DOI: 10.1080/10462930802514388.
12
Dalessio, William R. Are We What We Eat? Food and Identity in Late Twentieth-Century American Ethnic Literature. New York: Cambria, 2012.
13
Frith, Simon. “Music and Identity.” Questions of Cultural Identity. Eds. Stuart Hall and Paul Du Gay. London: Sage publication, 2003, pp. 108-127.
14
Jagger, Gill. Judith Butler: Sexual Politics, Social Change and The Power Of The Performative. London and New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, 2008.
15
Kaplan, Caren. Questions of Travel: Postmodern Discourse of Displacement. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1996.
16
Loxley, James. Performativity. London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, 2007.
17
Mannur, Anita. Culinary Fictions: Food in South Asian Diasporic Culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009.
18
Mehta, Brinda. Notions of Identity, Diaspora, and Gender in Caribbean Women’s Writing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
19
Nikro, Saadi. “The Arab Australian Novel: Situating Diasporic and Multicultural Literature.” The Edinburgh Companion to the Arab Novel in English: The Politics of Anglo Arab and Arab American Literature and Culture. Ed. Nouri Gana. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. 2013, pp. 298-320.
20
Raihanah M.M. et al. “Exploring Representations of Self by Diasporic Muslim Writers.” Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences 118 (2014): 365 – 370. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro. 2014.02.050.
21
Rice, Timothy. “Reflection on Music and Identity in Ethnomusicology.” Musiology, Vol. 7, 2007, pp. 17-38.
22
Rivkin, Julie, and Michael Ryan. “Introduction: ‘The Politics of Culture.’“ Literary Theory: An Anthology. Eds. Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 2000, pp. 1025-1027.
23
Safran, William. “Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return.” Diaspora, Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 1991, pp. 83-99.
24
Salih, Sara. Judith Butler. London and New York: Routledge, 2002.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Literary Historiography in Contemporary Persian Novel: A Study of S. Rahimian’s Dr. Noon Loves His Wife More Than Mussadiq
The present research seeks to investigate Shahram Rahimian’s Dr. Noon Loves His Wife More Than Mussadiq [1] based on the literary historiographical theory of Hayden White. The central argument of this analysis is to demonstrate how Rahimian represents the history of Iran’s 1953 coup in his novel through mentioning an Iranian historical figure, Dr. Mussadiq, and his relationship with other members of the political party. The history of Iran’s coup and especially that of Dr. Mussadiq have been an interesting subject for most of the historians and writers. Rahimian in his novel impressively addresses the historical facts of the period and endeavors to focus on the realities and at the same time to create a new version of the events by fictionalizing the way he presents his characters. He attempts to convey to the readers that it is possible to have different versions of the apparent historical facts. This novel provides corresponding peculiarities with the postmodern approach of historiography that is presented by Hayden White particularly in his remarkable work, Metahistory (1973). White contends that there could be different versions of historical facts and it is the task of the historian and the writer of historical fiction to interpret the realities and to make his/her own version of the past. Employing White’s significant concept of emplotment, the study explores the way Rahimian depicts the Iranian socio-political and cultural scene of the early 1950s in his novel from a historical perspective. [1] All translations from Persian to English have been made by the present author.
https://cls.uok.ac.ir/article_61568_0ce6ff8c18b2537a81bbb4f5a504fda3.pdf
2020-09-01
197
215
10.34785/J014.2020.606
Emplotment
Historical Fiction
Literary Historiography
Hayden White
Modern Persian Novel
Serveh
Hozhabri
srwa.hozhabri@gmail.com
1
Candidate of Gemma Erasmus Mundus Master's Degree in Women's and Gender Studies, Department of Women's and Gender Studies, University of Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
LEAD_AUTHOR
Bezdoode, Zakarya and Cyrus Amiri, “Dr. Noon Loves His Wife More Than Mussadiq: A Rememory of Politics and Paternity in Iran in the 1960s.” Studies in Literature and Language. Vol. 12, No. 1, 2016, pp. 1-4.
1
Cowart, David. History and the contemporary Novel. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1989.
2
Fussel, Paul. The Great War and Modern Memory. United States: Oxford University Press, 1975.
3
Henry, Matthew. A. Postmodern Historical Fiction: Aspects in Three Writers. diss. The College at Brockport, 1992.
4
Hutcheon, Linda. A Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction. New York: Routledge, 1988.
5
Joes, S. “History as Narrative.” http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/ bitstream/10603/5592/7/07_chapter%2002.pdf, 2012.
6
Kirca, Mustafa. Postmodern Historical Novels: Jeanette Winterson’s and Salman Rushdie’s Novels as Historiographic Metafiction. diss., Middle East Technical University, 2009.
7
Lukács, György. The Historical Novel. Trans. Hannah Mitchell and Stanley Mitchell. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1983.
8
McHale, Brian. Postmodernist Fiction. London and New York: Routledge, 1987.
9
Munslow, Alun. Deconstructing History. 2nd Ed. London: Routledge, 2006.
10
Onega, Susana. “The British Historiographic Metafiction in the 1980s.” American Literature: A History, eds. Theo D’haen, and Hans Bertens, 1995, pp. 47-61.
11
Ostadmohamadi, Nooshin, Hossein Faghihi, and Hossein Hajari. “The Representation of Polyphony in Dr. Noon Loves His Wife More Than Mussadiq.” Half Yearly Persian Language and Literature, Vol. 25, No. 83, 2018. pp. 23-42: http//jpllkhu.ac.ir/article-1-3083-en.html. Accessed 14th March 2020.
12
Rahimian, Shahram. Doctor Noon Zanash Ra Bishtar Az Mosadigh Doost Darad, [Dr. Noon Loves His Wife More Than Mussadiq]. Tehran: Niloofar, 2001.
13
Sadjadi, Bakhtiar, and Somayeh Ghorbani. “From Counter History to Narration of Identity: A Postmodernist Reading of Ishmael Reed’s Flight to Canada.” Studies in Literature and Language, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2016, pp. 23-30.
14
Tayefi, Shirzad, and Haniyeh Hajitabar. “The psychoanalytic critique of the novel Doctor Noone loves his wife more than Mossadegh based on Freud’s defense mechanisms.” Universidad y Sociedad, Vol. 11, No. 5, 2019, pp. 294-300.
15
White, Hayden. Figural Realism: Studies in the Mimesis Effect. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
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---. The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987.
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---. Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University, 1986.
18
---. Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins University Press, 1978, pp. 81-100.
19
---. Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in the Nineteenth Century Europe. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins University Press, 1973.
20